What are core components of defensive driving?

• A. Perception, decision-making, and action
• B. Awareness only
• C. Acceleration, deceleration, and steering
• D. Passing maneuvers and lane changes

Answer: (A)

Defensive driving hinges on three linked steps: perception, decision-making, and action. Perception means actively scanning your surroundings to notice hazards—vehicles, pedestrians, signs, road conditions. Decision-making is about evaluating the risk and choosing a safe response, such as slowing down, increasing following distance, or preparing to stop. Action is then the physical execution of that choice—braking smoothly, steering to avoid a threat, or adjusting speed. Together, these steps form a continuous loop that helps you stay out of danger rather than just controlling the vehicle.

The other options don’t fit as well. Awareness alone only covers noticing things and doesn’t include deciding how to respond or actually acting. Acceleration, deceleration, and steering describe basic vehicle control but not the thinking and planning that guide safe choices. Passing maneuvers and lane changes are specific maneuvers, not the ongoing defensive process.